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======Exercise 6: Types Of Variables======

   You should be getting a grasp of how a simple C program is structured,
   so let's do the next simplest thing which is making some variables of
   different types:
#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    int distance = 100;
    float power = 2.345f;
    double super_power = 56789.4532;
    char initial = 'A';
    char first_name[] = "Zed";
    char last_name[] = "Shaw";

    printf("You are %d miles away.\n", distance);
    printf("You have %f levels of power.\n", power);
    printf("You have %f awesome super powers.\n", super_power);
    printf("I have an initial %c.\n", initial);
    printf("I have a first name %s.\n", first_name);
    printf("I have a last name %s.\n", last_name);
    printf("My whole name is %s %c. %s.\n",
            first_name, initial, last_name);

    return 0;
}

   In this program we're declaring variables of different types and then
   printing them with different printf format strings.

======What You Should See======

   Your output should look like mine, and you can start to see how the
   format strings for C are similar to Python and other languages. They've
   been around for a long time.
$ make ex6
cc -Wall -g    ex6.c   -o ex6
$ ./ex6
======You are 100 miles away.======
======You have 2.345000 levels of power.======
======You have 56789.453200 awesome super powers.======
======I have an initial A.======
======I have a first name Zed.======
======I have a last name Shaw.======
======My whole name is Zed A. Shaw.======
$

   What you can see is we have a set of "types", which are ways of telling
   the C compiler what each variable should represent, and then format
   strings to match different types. Here's the breakdown of how they
   match up:

   Integers
          You declare Integers with the int keyword, and print them with
          %d.

   Floating Point
          Declared with float or double depending on how big they need to
          be (double is bigger), and printed with %f.

   Character
          Declared with char, written with a ' (single-quote) character
          around the char, and then printed with %c.

   String (Array of Characters)
          Declared with char name[], written with " characters, and
          printed with %s.

   You'll notice that C makes a distinction between single-quote for char
   and double-quote for char[] or strings.

   Note

   When talking about C types, I will typically write in English char[]
   instead of the whole char SOMENAME[]. This is not valid C code, just a
   simpler way to talk about types when writing English.

======How To Break It======

   You can easily break this program by passing the wrong thing to the
   printf statements. For example, if you take the line that prints my
   name, but put the initial variable before the first_name in the
   arguments, you'll get a bug. Make that change and the compiler will
   yell at you, then when you run it you might get a "Segmentation fault"
   like I did:
$ make ex6
cc -Wall -g    ex6.c   -o ex6
ex6.c: In function 'main':
ex6.c:19: warning: format '%s' expects type 'char *', but argument 2 has type 'i
nt'
ex6.c:19: warning: format '%c' expects type 'int', but argument 3 has type 'char
 *'
$ ./ex6
======You are 100 miles away.======
======You have 2.345000 levels of power.======
======You have 56789.453125 awesome super powers.======
======I have an initial A.======
======I have a first name Zed.======
======I have a last name Shaw.======
======Segmentation fault======
$

   Run this change under Valgrind too to see what it tells you about the
   error "Invalid read of size 1".

======Extra Credit======

     * Come up with other ways to break this C code by changing the
       printf, then fix them.
     * Go search for "printf formats" and try using a few of the more
       exotic ones.
     * Research how many different ways you can write a number. Try octal,
       hexadecimal, and others you can find.
     * Try printing an empty string that's just "".


   Copyright (C) 2010 Zed. A. Shaw

   Credits